Volume 2: Marine Ecology

Marine systems face a multitude of anthropogenic stressors such as climate change, recreational and commercial fishing, aquaculture practices, pollution, and coastal urbanization. These stressors exert escalating pressure on marine ecosystems, leading to noticeable changes in habitat conditions as well as alterations in the abundance and diversity of their communities. Understanding the impacts of these stressors proves challenging due to their interactions with various factors, such as species