U.S. National Security and Foreign Policymaking After 9/11

In December 2004 the 109th Congress passed and President George W. Bush signed the Intelligence Reform and Intelligence Prevention Act (IRTPA). M. Kent Bolton argues that IRTPA represented a change in the trajectory of U.S. national-security policy-the first fundamental, demonstrable change since the 1947 National Security Act (1947 NSA) became law creating a unified U.S. Department of Defense, the Central Intelligence Agency, and the National Security Council, among other entities. As the 1947