Urodynamics

Once urology was established as a medical specialty, the initial anatomic-morpho­ logical point of view was soon supplemented by functional considerations and diagnostic procedures, thanks to the introduction of the cystoscope (NrTzE, 1877) and retrograde pyelography (VOELCKER, ]OSEPH and VON LrCHTENBERG, 1903). Intravenous urography (VOLKMANN, 1924; VON LrCHTENBERG, PFLAUMER and SWICK, 1929) lent roentgen examinations a more functional aspect. The word "urodynamics" refers to the functional app