Third-Party Governance

Every year thousands of college students apply for and receive federally guaranteed loans to fund their educations in the United States. The loans are managed by nongovernmental entities – Sallie Mae, College Ave Student Loans – that indirectly implement the public goal of affordable higher education. Put another way, the US Department of Education relies on these nongovernmental entities for implementation of public policy via third parties. Where this kind of indirect implementation occurs, an