They All Made Peace—What Is Peace?

An analysis of the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne from multiple historical, economic, and social perspectives.   The last of the post-World War One peace settlements, the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne departed from methods used in the Treaty of Versailles and took on a new peace-making initiative: a forced population exchange that affected one and a half million people. Like its German and Austro-Hungarian allies, the defeated Ottoman Empire had initially been presented with a dictated peace in 1920. In