The Lines of Torres Vedras

“This is a well-researched, well-written, closely argued and fascinating contribution to the historiography of the Peninsular War.”— The Spectator In 1809 French armies controlled almost every province of Spain and only Wellington’s small force in Portugal stood between Napoleon and the conquest of Iberia. The French invaded Portugal in the summer of 1810, but found their way blocked by the most extensive field fortifications the world had ever seen—the Lines of Torres Vedras. Unable to penetrat