Servants of the empire

Punjab, ‘the pride of British India’, attracted the cream of the Indian Civil Service, many of the most influential of whom were Irish. Some of these men, along with Irish viceroys, were inspired by their Irish backgrounds to ensure security of tenure for the Punjabi peasant, besides developing vast irrigation schemes which resulted in the province becoming India’s most affluent. But similar inspiration contributed to the severity of measures taken against Indian nationalist dissent, culminating