Punishing Transgression in Honor Culture and Face Culture

In the world’s so-called honor and face cultures, certain values and codes related to the protection of a family’s stainless reputation are deep-rooted. When they are violated by what is perceived as an immoral action, and the respective transgression becomes known, the honor not only of the deviant, but also of the in-group itself is damaged. This leads to stigmatization followed by collective rejection. Consequently, the stigma needs to be removed, usually by a publicly recognizable punitive a