Processes and Process-Orientation in Foreign Language Teaching and Learning

There can be no products without processes. Though this statement may seem to be no more than an overused generalization, it encapsulates the undoubted importance of processes and process-oriented approaches in language teaching and learning. In foreign language education in recent decades, researchers and practitioners alike are increasingly focusing their attention on: 1) the learner as the active subject of learning and the internal processes that constitute his/her learning leading to the de