Nonlinear Difference Equations

It is generally acknowledged that deterministic formulations of dy­ namical phenomena in the social sciences need to be treated differently from similar formulations in the natural sciences. Social science phe­ nomena typically defy precise measurements or data collection that are comparable in accuracy and detail to those in the natural sciences. Con­ sequently, a deterministic model is rarely expected to yield a precise description of the actual phenomenon being modelled. Nevertheless, as may