Natural Resources Management and Livelihood Security: Survival Strategies and Sustainable Policies

As is well known and appreciated by all scholarly circles, Islam is ideologically against the imperialism and hierarchy. With the demise of Holy Prophet, his close companions decided to select a leader to lead the Muslims. This leader was known as the khalifa or caliph. First, there were four caliphs, called, Pious Caliphs or Righteous Caliphs. Then, the first Islamic dynasty was established by Umayyad family, who established the practice of hereditary succession. Umayyads were overthrown by Abb