Many-Valued Logics 1

Many-valued logics were developed as an attempt to handlephilosophical doubts about the "law of excluded middle" inclassical logic. The first many-valued formal systems weredeveloped by J. Lukasiewicz in Poland and E.Post in theU.S.A. in the 1920s, and since then the field has expandeddramatically as the applicability of the systems to otherphilosophical and semantic problems was recognized.Intuitionisticlogic, for example, arose from deep problemsin the foundations of mathematics. Fuzzy logics,