Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome

Despite approximately 50 years of progress in the management of com­ plex congenital heart disease, hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) has been one of the last cardiac malformations to yield to effective surgical treat­ ment. The surgical therapies for hypoplastic left heart syndrome have evolved by two quite disparate routes. One approach has been the staged reconstruc­ tion operations utilizing an initial operation pioneered by many but developed by Dr. William Norwood and subsequently mod