Forces of Nature

By the end of the 18th century, notions of "forces of nature" (Naturkräfte) were increasingly discussed across disciplinary bounds: attraction and repulsion, vital forces and electric fluids, formative drives and biological organisms were examined as forces linked to ‘natural’ processes. German Romantic literature, science, and philosophy – from Schelling and Novalis to Günderrode and Hölderlin – pondered interrelated notions of forces considered as dynamic and continually active in nature – for