Cardiovascular Issues in Endocrinology

Most endocrine diseases, if not treated or controlled, have cardiovascular manifestations. Both GH deficiency and GH excess impair cardiovascular functions, e.g. in patients with acromegaly, who have a shortened life expectancy and increased mortality mostly due to cardiovascular complications in uncontrolled disease. Moreover, Cushing’s syndrome and diabetes are well known for metabolic and cardiovascular manifestations, as well as hypo- and hyperthyroidism. Both adipose tissue and the heart ha