A Little Book of Martingales

This concise textbook, fashioned along the syllabus for master’s and Ph.D. programmes, covers basic results on discrete-time martingales and applications. It includes additional interesting and useful topics, providing the ability to move beyond. Adequate details are provided with exercises within the text and at the end of chapters. Basic results include Doob’s optional sampling theorem, Wald identities, Doob’s maximal inequality, upcrossing lemma, time-reversed martingales, a variety of conver